A clinical trial looked at the effects of propolis extract on giardiasis patients, both adults and children. The researchers found that the propolis extract resulted in a 52 percent cure rate in children and a 60 percent elimination rate in adults.
A pilot randomized controlled trial looked at the effects of propolis supplementation on women with infertility and mild endometriosis. The researchers found that taking bee propolis at a dose of milligrams twice a day for six months resulted in a pregnancy rate of 60 percent compared to only 20 percent in the placebo group.
Propolis extract, propolis tincture, propolis capsules, propolis tablets, propolis powder, propolis spray, propolis ointment and propolis cream are all typically available for purchase at any health food store as well as online. If your health concern is in your mouth, like a sore throat , then a propolis spray is the way to go. The recommended internal dose of bee propolis is typically milligrams once or twice daily.
For topical propolis products, always follow label instructions. These are some specific and studied ways that bee propolis can be utilized: People who are allergic to honey, bee pollen, royal jelly, conifer or poplar trees should not use propolis unless tested first by an allergy specialist.
Propolis may increase the risk of bleeding in people who take blood-thinning medications or who have bleeding disorders.
Since propolis may slow blood clotting, you stop taking propolis at least two weeks before any scheduled surgery.
When it comes to parasitic infections like giardiasis, propolis should not be used as the only treatment for parasites without first consulting a physician. However, there has also been research that demonstrates helpful effects of propolis for asthmatics. If you have any ongoing health concerns or are taking any medications, check with your doctor before using propolis. Bee propolis has been serving honey bees and humans for centuries.
While the honeybees use it to keep their hives hole and invader-free, humans use bee propolis both internally and externally for medicinal purposes. Science is really showing just how valuable propolis is when it comes to our health. Josh Axe is on a mission to provide you and your family with the highest quality nutrition tips and healthy recipes in the world What Is Bee Propolis?
More Nutrition Dr. Axe on Facebook Dr. Axe on Twitter 13 Dr. Axe on Instagram Dr. Axe on Google Plus Dr. Axe on Youtube Dr. In order to gather raw Bee Propolis, we at Comvita use something called a Propolis Trap, which is essentially a plastic screen placed on top of the hives to mimic the gaps in a hive.
Once the honey bees have sealed off the holes with Bee Propolis, our beekeepers carefully extract it from the traps. Our standard strength delivers 15mg, while our extra strength delivers 30mg of active propolis flavonoids per daily dose. Bee Propolis is available in a range of formats for both internal and topical applications. All Comvita Bee Propolis goes through a 5 week extraction and purification process, including a minimum of 19 quality tests.
In addition, we precisely measure 8 key flavonoids and provide consumers with two strength options, 15mg or 30mg of Propolis flavonoids per serve, delivering a naturally potent immune health supplement.
It should be taken once a day to support a healthy immune system. Blood samples were obtained from ten healthy males, nonsmoking volunteers, which were incubated and exposed to increasing concentrations of propolis 0. The mean micronucleus rates were 1. Mitotic index rates were between Exposure to different concentrations of propolis cannot produce a carcinogenic effect in peripheral human lymphocytes in vitro. However, increasing micronucleus MN rates showed that propolis could have a carcinogenic effect in high concentrations [ 69 ].
Inflammation is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, irritants, and free radicals. Anti-inflammatory activity means the primary effect of the host defense system. The anti-inflammatory activity of propolis has been reviewed by Almeida and Menezes. Propolis has inhibitory effects on myeloperoxidase activity, NADPH-oxidase ornithine decarboxylase, tirosine-protein-kinase, and hyaluronidase from guinea pig mast cells.
This anti-inflammatory activity can be explained by the presence of active flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. The former includes acacetin, quercetin, and naringenin; the latter includes caffeic acid phenyl ester CAPE and caffeic acid CA [ 70 ].
CAPE and galangin, both being typical poplar propolis constituents, exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and significantly inhibited carrageenan oedema, carrageenan pleurisy, and adjuvant arthritis inflammations in rats [ 71 , 72 ].
An ethanol extract of propolis suppressed prostaglandin and leukotriene generation by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and during zymosan-induced acute peritoneal inflammation in vivo.
Dietary propolis significantly suppressed the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism during inflammation in vivo. CAPE was a more potent modulator of arachidonic acid metabolism than caffeic acid, quercetin, and naringenin [ 73 ].
Protective potential of propolis was evaluated against mercury-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymatic alteration in mice liver. Mercury intoxication deviated the activity of liver marker enzyme in serum. Activity of antioxidants enzymes, that is, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, was also restored concomitantly toward control after propolis administration.
Results suggest that propolis augments the antioxidant defense against mercury-induced toxicity and provides evidence that it has therapeutic potential as hepatoprotective agent [ 59 ]. Bhadauria et al. Propolis extracts collected from Gwalior district and 24 female Sprague Dawley rats were used for experiment.
Animals were exposed to CCl 4 0. Ethanolic extract of propolis successfully prevented these alterations in experimental animals. Activities of catalase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucosephosphatase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase were also maintained towards normal with propolis therapy.
Light microscopical studies showed considerable protection in liver and kidney with propolis treatment and, thus, substantiated biochemical observations.
This study confirmed hepatoprotective potential of propolis extract against chronic injury induced by CCl 4 by regulating antioxidative defense activities [ 33 ]. The effect of ethanolic extract of propolis against experimental diabetes mellitus-associated changes was examined.
Diabetes was induced experimentally in rats by i. Blood urea nitrogen BNU , creatinine, glucose, lipid profile, malondialdehyde MDA , and urinary albumin were measured. The results showed decreased body weight and increased kidney weight in diabetic animals. Compared to the control normal rats, diabetic rats had higher blood glucose, BNU, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol LDL-C , MDA and urinary albumin, and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol HDL-C levels.
These results may suggest a strong antioxidant effect of propolis which can ameliorate oxidative stress and delay the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in diabetes mellitus [ 74 ].
The effect of Chinese and Brazilian propolis on streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus in Sprague Dawley rats was studied [ 75 ].
The results showed that Chinese propolis and Brazilian propolis significantly inhibited body weight loss and blood glucose increase in diabetic rats. In addition, Chinese propolis-treated rats showed an 8.
Measurement of blood lipid metabolism showed dyslipidemia in diabetic rats and Chinese propolis helped to reduce total cholesterol level by Moreover, oxidative stress in blood, liver, and kidney was improved to various degrees by both Chinese propolis and Brazilian propolis. An apparent reduction in levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminases, and blood urea nitrogen and urine microalbuminuria excretion rate demonstrated the beneficial effects of propolis on hepatorenal function.
The immunomodulatory action of a water-soluble derivative WSD of natural propolis was investigated. The oral and parenteral administration of the WSD enhanced the survival rate and the mean survival time in experimental bacterial Klebsiella pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus and fungal Candida albicans infections in mice.
An increased resistance was observed also in Klebsiella pneumoniae infection induced after cyclophosphamide treatment. The WSD stimulated peritoneal macrophages to produce in vitro interleukin-1, which corresponded to their elevated total protein secretion.
In addition, WSD failed to trigger lymphocyte proliferation as determined by popliteal lymph node assay. The WSD was suggested to augment nonspecific host defense via macrophage activation [ 76 ]. The antimicrobial activity of five propolis samples collected from four different regions in Turkey and from Brazil against nine anaerobic Peptostreptococcus anaerobius , Peptostreptococcus micros , Prevotella oralis , Prevotella melaninogenica , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Veillonella parvula , Lactobacillus acidophilus , and Actinomyces naeslundii strains was evaluated and determined minimum inhibitory concentrations MIC and minimum bactericidal concentrations MBC of EEP on the growth of test microorganisms by using agar dilution method.
It was shown that propolis samples were more effective against Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria than Gram-negative ones. Propolis is used in oral cavity diseases as it contains flavonoids such as pinobanksin, quercetin, naringenin, galangine, chrysin, and aromatic acids such as caffeic acid determined by GC-MS analysis [ 77 ]. Dental caries is an infectious disease of worldwide public health concern.
Among the bacteria involved in this pathology are Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sobrinus, and organisms belonging to the genera Actinomyces and Lactobacillus. The pharmaceutical industry is focusing on the discovery of new antibacterial products after a greater resistance to those already known. Effect of ethanolic propolis extracts on the bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum was studied. This bacterium was isolated after its identification by polymerase chain reaction using species-specific primers and after growing microbiological samples from cavities of patients diagnosed with dental caries and with indication of tooth extraction.
The susceptibility study, carried out by microplate dilution, found antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of propolis. The chromatographic analysis allowed the identification of caffeic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, pinocembrin, galangin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester [ 78 ]. No side effects were related in mice, rats, and humans after Brazilian green propolis administration [ 79 — 82 ]. Propolis is nontoxic, and the safe concentration for humans would be approximately 1.
However, cases of allergy and contact dermatitis to propolis have been always reported [ 81 ], mainly among bee keepers [ 83 , 84 ]. Rajpara et al. Rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose, with nasal obstruction, secretion, and sneezing, most commonly induced by allergen exposure, bacteria, or virus. It is a global health problem, affecting social life, sleep, school and work performance, regardless of gender, age, and ethnic background [ 85 ].
Shinmei et al. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pulmonary airways due to the hyperresponsiveness to inhaled allergens, leading to reversible airflow obstruction and airway inflammation, persistent airway hyperactivity, and airway remodeling [ 86 ]. Khayyal et al.
As a result, propolis-treated patients showed a reduced incidence and severity of nocturnal attacks and improvement of ventilatory functions, which was associated with decreased prostaglandins, leukotriene, and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-, IL-6, and IL-8 and increased IL It was reported that the oxidative stress may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, and Cape may be useful as an adjuvant therapy for its treatment.
Ethylcellulose microparticles containing propolis ethanolic extract PE were prepared by the emulsification and solvent evaporation method. Moreover, polysorbate 80 was used as emulsifier in the external phase 1. Microparticles had a mean diameter of The entrapment efficiency for propolis of the microparticles was These ethylcellulose microparticles containing propolis would be useful for developing propolis aqueous dosage forms without the strong and unpleasant taste, aromatic odour, and high ethanol concentration of PE [ 88 ].
Pharmaceutical formulations containing poloxamer , Carbopol P, or gelatin, with ethanolic propolis extract PE , were designed for the treatment of oral mucosal diseases. PE was produced and its quality was assessed by measuring its specific gravity, pH, weight of dry residue, and total flavonoid content. The data obtained on these formulations indicate a potentially useful role in the treatment of oral mucosal diseases [ 91 ]. None of the authors have any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence bias their work.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Adv Pharmacol Sci v. Adv Pharmacol Sci. Published online Dec 9. Vijay D. Wagh Department of Pharmaceutics, R. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Wagh: moc. Received Aug 2; Accepted Oct 4. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Propolis is a natural resinous mixture produced by honey bees from substances collected from parts of plants, buds, and exudates. Introduction Propolis is a natural resinous mixture produced by honeybees from substances collected from parts of plants, buds, and exudates. Propolis Characteristics, Source, and Bioactive Composition 2.
Characteristics Propolis is a lipophilic in nature, hard and brittle material and it becomes soft, pliable, gummy, and very sticky when heated [ 6 ]. Composition Propolis is a complex mixture made by bee-released and plant-derived compounds.
Table 1 Geographic origin, main plant sources, and chemical compounds [ 7 ]. Polyphenols [ 3 ] 2 Russia Betula verrucosa Ehrh. Polyphenols [ 3 ] 3 Brazil Baccharis spp. Prenylated p-coumaric acids, diterpenic acids [ 7 ] 4 Cuba, Venezuela Clusia spp. Open in a separate window. Solubility of Propolis Considering the complex structure of propolis, it cannot be used directly.
Table 2 Different solvents used for the extraction of propolis [ 32 ]. Water Methanol Ethanol Chloroform Dichloromethane Ether Acetone Anthocyanins, starches, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, polypeptides, and lectins Anthocyanins, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, xanthoxyline, totarol, quassinoids, lactones, flavones, phenones, polyphenols, polypeptides, and lectins Tannins, polyphenol, polyacetylenes, terpenoids, sterols, and alkaloids, Terpenoids, flavonoids Terpenoids, tannins, polyphenols, polyacetylenes, sterols, and alkaloids Alkaloids, terpenoids, coumarins, and fatty acids Flavonols.
Table 3 Geographic origin, activity, and chemical compounds in Indian scenario. Antioxidant Activity To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report published on the antioxidant activity of Indian propolis extract and its chemical constituent's pinocembrin and galangin.
Antibacterial Activity According to Kumar et al. Biological Activities The use of different solvents changes activity of main biologically active constituent in propolis. Antifungal Activity Propolis has shown fungicide effects on juice spoilage fungi Candida famata, C. Vaginal Use To formulate the propolis microparticles PMs from Brazilian propolis [ 27 , 28 ] and to check activity of the propolis extract PE against clinical yeast C.
Antibacterial Activity The disc diffusion method is one of the most popular methods used to determine the antimicrobial activity. Table 4 Bacteria used in identification of antibacterial activity [ 32 ]. Pneumonia, S. Antiprotozoan Activity Antiprotozoal activity is evaluated by an in vitro growth inhibitory effect on a culture of parasites after incubation in the presence of different concentrations of propolis.
Antioxidant Activity Propolis is notable for its antioxidant properties. Antitumoral Activity The antitumor activity of propolis was reviewed by Orsolic et al. Anti-Inflammatory Activity Inflammation is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, irritants, and free radicals.
Hepatoprotective Activity Protective potential of propolis was evaluated against mercury-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymatic alteration in mice liver. Antidiabetic Activity The effect of ethanolic extract of propolis against experimental diabetes mellitus-associated changes was examined.
Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatory action of a water-soluble derivative WSD of natural propolis was investigated. Dental Action The antimicrobial activity of five propolis samples collected from four different regions in Turkey and from Brazil against nine anaerobic Peptostreptococcus anaerobius , Peptostreptococcus micros , Prevotella oralis , Prevotella melaninogenica , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Veillonella parvula , Lactobacillus acidophilus , and Actinomyces naeslundii strains was evaluated and determined minimum inhibitory concentrations MIC and minimum bactericidal concentrations MBC of EEP on the growth of test microorganisms by using agar dilution method.
Allergy, Rhinitis, and Asthma No side effects were related in mice, rats, and humans after Brazilian green propolis administration [ 79 — 82 ]. Formulations on Propolis Extract Ethylcellulose microparticles containing propolis ethanolic extract PE were prepared by the emulsification and solvent evaporation method. Conflict of Interests None of the authors have any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence bias their work.
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Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Occupational and cosmetic dermatitis from propolis. Contact Dermatitis. Phenolic constituents and sensitizing properties of propolis, poplar balsam and balsam of Peru. Bulletin de Liaison—Groupe Polyphenols.
Helfenberg KD. The analysis of beeswax and propolis. Chemiker Zeitungm. Propolis allergy. The sensitizing properties of 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester. Marcucci M. Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity. Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
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Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: red propolis.
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